Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews

Prostate Cancer and DNA Genes Repair: What Should an Oncologist Know? – A Narrative Review

2023-01-03T02:56:37+00:00

Prostate cancer is a very prevalent disease in men, especially in Western countries. The treatment of this neoplasm, both localized and locally advanced, is based on the clinical risk analysis (Gleason, tumor size, PSA, and other factors) and is founded on surgery and/or radiotherapy with or without androgen blockade with a GnRH analog (hormone gonadotropin releaser). However, in patients who invariably progress to a metastatic disease scenario, the tumors may present a heterogeneous behavior, depending on whether or not they are sensitive to androgen blockade therapy. Due to the poor prognosis of the metastatic castration-resistant scenario, current research carried out in the molecular biology and genetics field has identified several gene alterations associated with the development of prostate cancer, which correlate with clinical risk, therapeutic predictive responses, and prognosis. Among the associated gene alterations, the genes of the DNA repair pathway are correlated with diseases that present: a higher risk of recurrence; early metastasis; worse cancer-specific survival; familial risk, and predictive responses to new targeted therapies. Therefore, the breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 (and other variants), present in the DNA repair machinery are being investigated to provide more (and better) therapeutic options for the treatment of the disease in the advanced scenario. This review was aimed to describe the malignant prostate disease, especially with regard to DNA repair mechanisms, genomic analysis of prostate cancer, predictive and prognostic implications, as well as on the development of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, synthetic lethality mechanisms, and BRCAness phenomenon.

Characteristics of Laryngomalacia Patients at Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia Period 2021-2022

2023-01-03T03:00:16+00:00

Laryngomalacia is a congenital laryngeal disorder that is commonly found as a cause of stridor in infants and children. This disorder causes the collapse of the structures in the larynx resulting in impaired breathing and eating conditions in patients. This study aimed to present the characteristics of laryngomalacia patients at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia, period 2021-2022. This was a descriptive observational study that used medical record data as secondary data and primary data in the form of questionnaires in the medical record section and ORL-HNS at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, period 2021-2022. Data evaluated included age, gender, clinical symptoms, classification based on Olney distribution, degree of severity, comorbid factors, and therapy. This study showed that most patients were in the age group 3-12 months (52.9%). More were found in males (73.5%). The most common clinical symptoms were eating disorders (51.4%). The most common classification is type 1 (52.9%). Most patients come with a mild degree of severity (61.8%). The most common comorbid factors were neurological diseases (35.1%). The type of medical therapy was given to the majority of patients (94.1%).

Risk Factors for Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang

2023-01-03T03:00:51+00:00

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney disease that is often found in children. NS can cause infectious and non-infectious complications, such as upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, edema, acute kidney injury (AKI), and hypertension. This study aimed to determine the risk factors of age, gender, nutritional status, hypertension, hematuria, AKI, hyperfiltration, and steroid sensitivity to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children with the initial idiopathic NS in the pediatric ward of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang. This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 72 secondary data of research subjects were included in this study. Risk factor analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS version 24 software in univariate, bivariate, and multivariate ways. The most common risk factor for children with the initial idiopathic NS is age ≥10 years, males and females gender obtained the same number, and the nutritional status of obesity, hematuria, AKI, and hyperfiltration have quite low rates. However, hypertension and SRNS have high rates in children with initial idiopathic NS. In conclusion, hypertension and hyperfiltration are risk factors that play a role in initiating the progression of idiopathic NS to CKD in the pediatric ward of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang.