Original Article

For original clinical, laboratory, observational, or interventional research.

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Case Report / Case Study

For clinically relevant cases prepared in accordance with the CARE guideline.

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Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis

For evidence synthesis following PRISMA 2020 and a registered protocol.

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Title and authorship
Use a specific, informative title of no more than 25 words. List author names without degrees or job titles, complete affiliations (department, institution, city, country), corresponding-author details, and ORCID iDs where available.

Structured abstract
Maximum 250 words with Background, Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusion. Do not cite references or refer to tables/figures. Provide 3–5 keywords.

Layout
Use the supplied A4, Cambria template. The main text begins in two columns; title, abstract, and wide tables or figures remain full width. Do not alter the template geometry.

Tables and figures
Number consecutively. Place table titles above and figure captions below. Submit figures separately at 300 dpi (600 dpi for line art) and cite every item in the text.

Original Article

• Introduction (approximately 500–700 words): current evidence, state of the art, knowledge gap and novelty, followed by a clear objective or hypothesis.
• Methods: study design and reporting guideline (for example STROBE or CONSORT), setting, participants and eligibility, sample size, variables and operational definitions, data sources and measurement, statistical methods/software, missing data and subgroup analyses, and ethics approval.
• Results: participant flow, baseline characteristics, primary outcomes with effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals and/or p values, followed by secondary and subgroup analyses.
• Discussion and Conclusion: principal findings, comparison with the literature, plausible mechanisms, clinical implications, strengths, limitations, future research, and a concise evidence-based conclusion.

Case Report / Case Study

• The title should end with “: A Case Report”. Prepare the report according to the CARE guideline; a completed CARE checklist may be requested.
• Introduction (approximately 300–500 words): clinical context, rarity or educational value, evidence gap, and report objective.
• Describe the setting, de-identified patient information, timeline using relative dates, diagnostic reasoning, interventions including doses/routes/durations, outcomes, follow-up, and—where relevant—the patient perspective.
• Discuss comparable published cases, mechanisms or pathophysiology, clinical implications, strengths and limitations. State ethics considerations and confirm written informed consent for publication.

Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis

• Follow PRISMA 2020 and register the protocol prospectively in PROSPERO, INPLASY, or an equivalent registry.
• Define PICOS eligibility, databases and complete search strategies, independent screening and extraction, and risk-of-bias instruments such as RoB 2, ROBINS-I, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, QUADAS-2, or JBI tools.
• Report the synthesis model and effect measure, heterogeneity (I², τ² and Q), publication bias when appropriate, and certainty of evidence using GRADE.
• Include a PRISMA flow diagram, included-study characteristics, forest plots where relevant, and an explicit original analysis/interpretation section. Supply complete searches, PRISMA checklist, excluded full-text list with reasons, and extracted dataset as supplementary files.

References

Use Vancouver style with superscript in-text citations and NLM journal abbreviations. Include DOI links where available. Provide at least 15 references; as a quality benchmark, more than 80% should be primary sources and more than 80% should have been published within the last 10 years.

Mandatory declarations

Ethics approval and consent; consent for publication where applicable; data availability; use of generative AI or AI-assisted tools; author contributions; funding; competing interests; and acknowledgements.